Review of Kaye Stone's A Woman's Journey from Orphanage to Peace Corps
A Life In Time: A Woman’s Journey from Orphanage to Peace Corps
by Kaye Stone (India 1966-68)
The Stone Publishing Group
212 pages
$14.95 (paperback)
July, 2011
Reviewed by Lawrence F. Lihosit (Honduras 1975-77)
KAYE STONE’S PEACE CORPS MEMOIR is an intriguing personal story by a sheltered young orphan, educated in a Christian college, who served in India during that period when the agency fielded more than 15,000 Volunteers worldwide, and 754 on the Subcontinent. Her account via letters is a reminder of both changing American womanhood and an agency in transition.
Raised in an orphanage from the age of six, the author seldom traveled or even dated. Until high school graduation at the orphanage, “Dating was complicated . . . The boy had to ask permission. If the superintendent consented, the girl and boy could sit in the living room of the cottage for several hours on a Sunday evening.” Within a few years while serving in the Peace Corps, she was sought after by television and movie actors. Along the way, she learned to lead instead of follow.
In January, 1966 when Ms. Stone was invited to serve, Sargent Shriver still headed the agency. By the time she reported for training in Hawaii, Jack Vaughn had succeeded him. Military-style physical fitness became optional, but constant psychological testing still existed. In Stone’s case, she met regularly with psychologists who “asked about my dreams and if I believed in ghosts.” They also held “sensitivity training” during which a psychologist secluded small groups of trainees to talk for 36 hours. Finally, you were graded (and possibly sent home) based upon your Washington file, your psychologist’s report, and whether you were popular with your trainee peers. Amusingly, Stone dated one of the psychologists. “Several days later the administration put a sign up on the board saying that trainees and staff were not to date anymore.” The selection board recommended that she go home since they “didn’t think I was serious enough to succeed in India.” It was the intervention of an Indian official Stone had befriended that ultimately swayed them. He told the young trainee “to go on as I had been . . . he knew the Indian people would find me refreshing.”
In India for less than one month, Stone learned how Volunteers were and are targeted by the international gypsy crowd — those youngsters whose aim is to travel as long as possible. “Last night two boys in my group came to our apartment at 11:30 p.m. with a boy and a girl they had met on the beach who needed a place to stay.” Although interesting, this sort of house guest usually overstays his or her welcome. In this case, their four day stay turned into two weeks “and they did not seem to be leaving” until she finally had other friends intervene.
The most fascinating part of this book is to follow a Volunteer’s personal journey in an era when Peace Corps job assignments were often part-time or non-existent. Because the agency fielded so many Volunteers in an incredibly short period of time, it was common that their assignments were ephemeral. During this time, it was also common to have two passports, one personal and one official. “The Peace Corps told us not to travel on our Peace Corps passport . . . but to get a new tourist one,” she reports. So, it must have been very difficult for the Peace Corps to keep track of Volunteers, especially those who had no work. This happened to the author and within a short time she “went to the director and told him I had absolutely nothing to do.” Instead of going home early or simply traveling (as many did), she became a part-time model and movie extra in Bollywood.
Her job (and that of many Volunteers at that time) was to catechize birth control, visiting factories, checking records to discover which male employees had sired two or more children and then explain to them how the Indian government would pay them to undergo a vasectomy. This was part of Indira Gandi’s population control program that soon led to forced vasectomies and abortions, a controversial program that was not abandoned until her 1976 murder. Although population control was, and is, a worldwide concern, the Peace Corps’ participation has been viewed suspiciously in some host nations as a form of genocide, something normally ignored in American public discussion. Popular books and reports concerning population control like those from the Club of Rome were ridiculed by many as racist. In Bolivia, it is said that population control led to the expulsion of Peace Corps in 1971. When Stone served, the world population was about three billion. Today, it is seven billion and the role of birth control is still controversial.
The most humorous and telling detail of the book involved her return home. Arriving in Washington D.C. late on Sunday night, lost and nearly broke, she called the White House. After a series of phone calls, she was instructed to take a taxi to a corner where she could meet a secretary who would hand her taxi fare. She waved down a cabbie who laughed “but took me right there.” As promised, a member of the Peace Corps/Washington staff stood on the corner with a handful of cash. Funny, the Washington staff is more than three times larger today but I don’t believe they do that anymore.
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Lawrence F. Lihosit is the author of four books about or inspired by the Peace Corps including: Peace Corps Chronology, 1961-2010; South of the Frontera – A Peace Corps Memoir; Whispering Campaign – Stories from Mesoamerica; and Years On and Other Travel Essays.
Fascinating review of what I take to be a fascinating story. My, how times change! During the mid-70s the idea that Peace Corps could be involved in family planning was anathema to many, especially in Congress. It was with real trepidation that I told the PC Director (Mike Balzano) that he should not categorically testify that the Peace Corps did no such thing because I knew that many in the Philippines — and probably elsewhere — did so as a sideline. Who knew that Volunteers in the 60s were pushing vasectomies?
How dumb can one guy get? Balzano was ACTION Director, not Peace Corps Director
David,
The issue of family planning was central to so many health education programs. I believe that Peace Corps officially followed the direction of the host country. India was officially committed to population control, hence the involvement of Peace Corps Volunteers.
In countries that discouraged family planning for religious reasons, Volunteers, particularly women, were in a quandary. To offer information could subject the women with whom we worked to retaliation. To not respond, would be to ignore the tragic blight of women who counted their families by naming the number of children dead and then the number of children alive. The women with whom I worked desperately wanted to control their fertility and to keep the babies they already had alive. In my site, we were denied permission to offer information. If we had done so, it would have made for great stories back in the US, but the women with whom we worked could have been publicly denounced, excommunicated, and/or subject to economic boycotting.
If and when PCVs and RPCVs develop an Ethics of Intervention, I would like to see how to address the issue of family planning at the top of the list.
I believe that Peace Corps, particularly in the early days, was simply deaf to the concerns of women, host country as well as Volunteer.
Does anyone know what current Peace Corps policy is concerning family planning? Surely it’s a bit more relaxed than in the old days, but you never know.
David- Do you mean the Peace Corps policy about birth control for volunteers or whether the Peace Corps volunteers health and education sectors participate in family planning activities?
I’m wondering about volunteers being in jobs that involve family planning. I think that the question of Volunteers having access to family planning materials was settled in the affirmative years ago.
I am not sure. Joey? Joey?
Hi Lorenzo and David.
As you may recall, there is no Peace Corps Library. If there are official histories of Peace Corps and family planning programs, I certainly have not been able to find them. But, thanks to Bob Klein and his oral history project, I did find one summary of an oral history interview with a nurse who served in Colombia 1975-1979 and did work with family planning. I think is very important documentation of what Peace Corps was doing at that time. I found it encouraging and what wonderful work she did. How much I wish that this talent had been available for the women I worked with.
I understand that the interview itself is at the JFK Library and that those oral histories have not been transcribed. However, I want to cite the link where this summary may be found, it is:
http://archive2.jfklibrary.org/RPCV/RPCV-FA.pdf
and the country is Colombia. Here is the summary of the interview.
Boyles, Cathie Maclin (1975-1979): Oral history interview As a child of missionaries growing up in Africa, Cathie was exposed to Peace Corps volunteers. She always had a desire to serve in an area of need and admired the Peace Corps volunteers she had known. After finishing her undergraduate work and becoming a registered Nurse, Ms. Boyles decided to apply for service. She was selected for the Rural Nursing Program in Colombia. After 9 weeks of language training in Bogota, living with
a host family, she was assigned to a remote village (Sucre) that flooded six months into her tenure. She finished her first two years of service in Sincelejo, working with the Ministry of Health, teaching rural health promoters, training local midwives and supervising the administration of childhood vaccinations in rural villages. Ms. Boyles extended her service for two additional years and worked as a nursing supervisor in a small regional hospital in Facatativa (outside Bogota). Her work included overseeing TB control and family planning programs and working with the rural health promoters. In addition to her daily work, Ms. Boyles wrote two training guides with her Colombian counterpart. 1 tape. Interviewed by Wendy McLaughlin, March 7, 2010.
David, Lorenzo,
I went to the Peace Corps’ official web site and put “family planning” in the search box. There is a whole list of items describing the work done by Volunteers in “family planning” assignments. There is also a great summary of an oral history interview done by a Peace Corps nurse who worked in Colombia in the “Rural Health Nurse Program”
and worked with “family planning” among other programs. The oral history is part of the Returned Peace Corps Volunteer Collection at the JFK Library.
So, I infer from this that Peace Corps does work with family planning programs.
That summary is online at the JFK Library site, not on the Peace Corps site.
Thank you, Joey.
Nicholas Kristof in today’s NYT (Thursday,11/3) has an article that shows in detail why these family planning programs are so essential in many parts of the world. It’s good to hear that the Peace Corps is part of the solution, as it wasn’t years ago.