Final Words about the First Days of the Peace Corps — Part 5

Bill Josephson

What continues to surprise me is how few people–since that morning in the Mayflower Hotel–have read “A Towering Task” the position paper written by Warren Wiggins and Bill Josephson which was the first draft of defining the Peace Corps; it was the bible for the future Peace Corps. When I asked Warren Wiggins about this, he commented, saying, “It’s marvelous that nobody has read it because, you see, in most ways I didn’t know what the hell I was talking about. In some ways I was dead on, but I did recommend that we ship air-conditioned trailers to the Philippines to house the Volunteers. It’s a far cry from the theology of the Peace Corps that evolved, but then, those were the early days.”

What is clear now from the safety of time and distance is that being anti-establishment, amateurish, anti-professional was the reason for the success of the Peace Corps. This attitude by the staff permeated the whole organization and PCVs in the field expressed the same sort of sentiments, especially to the official U.S. government overseas, all those “stuff shirt diplomats.” PCVs were all anti-establishment. That was our charm and also, admittedly, the reason for many of our failings.

Warren Wiggins

Also, and this is important, the Mayflower Gang was driven by values, and those values, as expressed by Wiggins, were central to the ‘idea’ of what it meant to be a Peace Corps Volunteer.

The values were simple: The Volunteers would live the life of the villager, wear the same kind of clothes, eat the same food, live in the same kind of house. In a religious sense, they were taking a vow of poverty. To Americans, in the early ’60s, it appeared that PCVs were living in poverty. “We raised that to an ideal,” said Wiggins, “the vow of poverty was raised to an ideal. And that turned out to be an enormous strength for the Peace Corps.”

The Peace Corps stripped away all of the cultural and environmental support a Volunteer had grown up with: family, school, peer groups, etc. And the PCV was transplanted overseas with poverty as a value. The Volunteer went alone. They went out to a strange land, without the normal supports and material blessings that had accompanied them all of their lives. And that then produced introspective changes.

This new life as a Peace Corps Volunteer made them think about who they were and what they represent and what their ideals were. It produced a self-assessment. Who am I? The materialistic life was missing and losing the normal supports meant these these Volunteers came back to America knowing a hell of a lot more about themselves. They had to leave a large part of their prior identity behind for two years and concentrate on living a poor life. No one realized it at first, but it changed many Volunteers. It was a benefit that wasn’t obvious at first, though Kennedy had told Harris Wofford he wanted 100,000 a year overseas so that when they came home again they would vote more “intelligently” about foreign aid. That was the value JFK was looking for. 

When I asked Warren how it all happened, how did the Peace Corps really come about, he paused for a moment and then summed up, “We caught the tenor of the times. The Peace Corps epitomized the New Frontier, Kennedy, and the mood of the country following the Eisenhower years. We caught the wind that was blowing in the land. And those of us who were there were lucky to be part of that wonderful moment in our history.”

PART FIVE